- Article
US commercial court judgments are not automatically enforceable in Turkey. Creditors must first obtain an enforcement decision before proceeding against assets in Turkey. This guide explains the recognition and enforcement framework under Turkish private international law, including reciprocity, finality, service of process, public policy, mandatory mediation, interim attachment, and security for costs.
- Article
Under Turkish law, term sheets are often described as non-binding, but their real significance depends on how clearly binding and non-binding provisions are separated. In practice, they work best when supported by clear drafting on costs, confidentiality, exclusivity, and contractual penalties.
- Article
Drag-along and tag-along rights under Turkish law are often easier to draft than to enforce. Their effectiveness depends on the shareholders’ agreement structure, form requirements, transfer mechanics, contractual penalties, and dispute resolution design.
- Legal Alerts
The Turkish Data Protection Board, through its principle decision dated 18 February 2026 and numbered 2026/347, clarified that explicit consent texts and privacy notices presented by data controllers to data subjects must be prepared separately.
- Legal Alerts
In its decision published in the Official Gazette dated 17 March 2026, the Constitutional Court annulled the provisions of the Turkish Commercial Code that made an application to the court for the expulsion of a shareholder for just cause subject to a general assembly resolution, solely with respect to two-shareholder limited liability companies.
- Legal Alerts
On 12 March 2026, the Turkish Personal Data Protection Authority published its Guideline on Agentic Artificial Intelligence. The Guideline explains what Agentic AI systems are, outlines the personal data protection risks they may create, and highlights key compliance considerations such as human oversight, transparency, explainability, privacy by design, and risk assessment.
- Article
In the startup ecosystem, a flip-up refers to the restructuring of a local startup’s shareholding and group structure under a foreign holding company. This structure requires a multilayered assessment in terms of investor expectations, choice of jurisdiction, implementation mechanisms such as share swaps, Türkiye-specific regulatory and tax considerations, and the practical risks commonly encountered in execution.
- Legal Alerts
The Turkish DPA has published a guideline on the use of third-party generative AI tools in the workplace. The guideline summarizes Shadow AI risks and sets out recommendations on internal policies, employee awareness, and access controls.
- Article
Vesting agreements under Turkish law structure equity or equity-linked benefits to vest over time or upon milestones.
- Legal Alerts
The Turkish Data Protection Board’s Principle Decision dated 11 February 2026 and numbered 2026/266 sets out important findings on the use of a loyalty card member’s mobile phone number or loyalty card number by third parties during shopping transactions. The decision makes clear that such use may, as a rule, lead to unlawful personal data processing and highlights the need for data controllers to strengthen authentication mechanisms, reduce inaccurate data processing risks, and redesign loyalty card processes in line with the accuracy principle.
- Legal Alerts
The Court of Cassation’s 3rd Civil Chamber, by its decision dated 15 January 2026 (File No. 2025/5452, Decision No. 2026/129), upheld the validity of a “mediation first, arbitration if unresolved” (Med-Arb) clause and marked a shift in its case law by departing from its earlier reversal approach on the same issue.
- Article
A SAFE streamlines early-stage start up financings by postponing valuation and tying conversion into equity to specific trigger events. Under Turkish law, the key issues typically revolve around contractual characterization, the corporate steps required for conversion (share issuance or capital increase), and enforceability in practice. The article offers a high-level overview of these core considerations through a TCO and TCC framework.